Future Dental Research
type: channel
publisher: N A. Foundation Press
language: en
publication name: Future Dental Research
issn: 3006-0354
items: https://fdr.nabea.pub/fdr/article/view/41
items: Oral Health Awareness Among Dental Students at the College of Dentistry, University of Babylon: A Cross-Sectional Survey Comparing Pre-Clinical and Clinical Years
items: The Oral Microbiome in Health and Disease: Microbial Ecology, Dysbiosis, and Clinical Implications for Dental Practice
items: Malignant Transformation and Biomarker Expression in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study in Iraqi Patients
items: Comparative Study of the Effect of Zinc Supplements Versus Low Level Laser Therapy on Osseointegration of Dental Implant
items: Clinical Evaluation of Dental Implant Placement in Reconstructed Jaw Bones
items: The Role of Diet, Salivary pH and Plaque in Dental Caries Development
items: 3D Bioprinting in Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Engineering: Progress, Challenges, and Future Prospects
items: Evolution of CAD/CAM Systems in Implant-Supported Full-Arch Prostheses
items: Expression of lncRNA MALAT1 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Correlation with Tumor Invasiveness and Prognosis
items: Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality-BasedSimulation in Teaching Pulpotomy to Undergraduate DentalStudents
items: Histomorphometric Assessment of Peri-Implant Bone Formation Using Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Diabetic Rabbits
items: A Cross-sectional Study to Investigate the Awareness of General Dental Practitioners Toward Chlorhexidine Prescription in Dental Clinics in Babylon Province
items: A Systematic Review of case Reports of Neoplastic Changes in Epithelial lining of Dentigerous Cysts
items: A Systematic Review Evaluating Systemic Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Chronic Periodontitis: A Comprehensive Systematic Review
items: Salivary TNF and Blood Monocytes in Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration: Insights from Clinical and Immunological Evaluation
items: Correlation Between Salivary Interleukin-6 and White Blood Cells in Patients with Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration: A Clinical and Immunological Assessment
items: Evidence of β-Catenin Immunohistochemistry in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Association with Clinicopathological Characteristics
items: Evaluation of the Shear Bond Strength of Denture Soft Liner Reinforcement with Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
items: Implant Abutment Design Dealing with Traditional and Modern Types of Implant Abutment Design with Each Advantages and Disadvantages
items: Salivary MMP-9 Level: Association with Tissue Remodeling in Oral Lichen Planus
items: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Modern Dentistry: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions
items: Advances in Biomaterials for Dental Implants: From Nanotechnology to Regenerative Medicine
items: Expression of CD83 in Gingival Lesions: Diagnostic Potential in Oral Lichen Planus and Oral Lichenoid Reactions
items: Salivary Interleukin 17a and IL1 as a Dependent Positive Predictive Biomarker for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Iraqi Patients
items: Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Dental and Oral Diseases: A Brief Review of Their Use as Drug Carriers
items: Probiotic Supplementation: A Promising Preventive Strategy for Dental Caries
items: Alterations in The Salivary Flow Rate as A Result of The Effect of Different Associated Factors: A review
items: Methods Of Sterilization of Endodontic Files Among Iraqi Dentists: Mix Method
items: Chrysin-Mediated Promotion of Odontoblastic Differentia- tion: A Pathway Towards Dental Pulp Regeneration

https://fdr.nabea.pub/fdr/article/view/41
type: item
title: Comparative In Vitro Evaluation of Hydroxyapatite, β-Tricalcium Phosphate, Biphasic Calcium Phosphate, and Strontium-Doped Hydroxyapatite as Bioceramic Bone Substitutes for Dental and Maxillofacial Bone Regeneration
description: Background: Bioceramic bone substitutes are central to contemporary dental bone regeneration, but the relative physicochemical, mechanical, and biological merits of stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HA), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP), and strontium-doped HA (Sr-HA) remain insufficiently characterized within a single, controlled in vitro framework. This study compared four laboratory-synthesized bioceramic granules under identical processing and testing conditions. Methods: HA, β-TCP, BCP (60/40 HA: β-TCP), and 5 mol% Sr-HA powders were synthesized by aqueous chemical precipitation, calcined at 900 °C, and sintered as 5 × 5 × 5 mm granules at 1150 °C. Phase composition was determined by XRD; functional groups by FTIR; morphology and elemental ratios by SEM-EDS; surface area by BET. Mechanical strength and porosity were quantified; in vitro bioactivity was assessed by 14-day SBF immersion; degradation by 28-day Tris-HCl weight loss. MG-63 cell viability (MTT, ISO 10993-5), ALP activity, and Alizarin Red S mineralization were evaluated. Antibacterial activity was tested against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922 by agar diffusion. Data (n = 6) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results: XRD confirmed phase-pure compositions. Compressive strength differed significantly (p < 0.001): HA 8.7 ± 0.6 MPa > BCP 6.4 ± 0.5 > Sr-HA 5.9 ± 0.5 > β-TCP 3.1 ± 0.4 MPa. Twenty-eight-day weight loss was highest for β-TCP (18.4 ± 1.6%) and lowest for HA (4.2 ± 0.5%). All materials were non-cytotoxic (≥88% viability). Sr-HA produced the highest MG-63 proliferation at 168 h (138.7 ± 7.4%; p < 0.05), ALP activity (1.54-fold over HA at Day 14; p < 0.001), mineralization (p < 0.001), and the only measurable antibacterial inhibition (S. aureus 4.3 ± 0.6 mm; E. coli 3.7 ± 0.5 mm). Conclusion: No single material was optimal across all dimensions. Sr-HA provided the most favorable biological profile; BCP offered the best mechanical…
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: bioceramics
  topic: keywords
subject: hydroxyapatite
  topic: keywords
subject: β-tricalcium phosphate
  topic: keywords
subject: biphasic calcium phosphate
  topic: keywords
subject: strontium-doped hydroxyapatite
  topic: keywords
subject: dental bone regeneration
  topic: keywords
subject: MG-63 osteoblasts
  topic: keywords
subject: in vitro bioactivity
  topic: keywords
creator: Sarah alrihaymee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sarah alrihaymee (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-06-22
publication date: 2026-06-22
starting page: 10
ending page: 15
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2026.152576.1002

Oral Health Awareness Among Dental Students at the College of Dentistry, University of Babylon: A Cross-Sectional Survey Comparing Pre-Clinical and Clinical Years
type: item
description: Background: Dental students are the next generation of oral health educators. Despite Iraq's high oral disease burden and unique risk-factor profile, comprehensive data on oral health knowledge, attitudes and behaviours (KAB) across the full undergraduate cohort at the College of Dentistry, University of Babylon Iraq's dental school are lacking. Objective: To assess oral health awareness across four domains knowledge of oral diseases, personal oral hygiene practices, awareness of oral–systemic links, and attitudes toward patient education — and to compare pre-clinical (Years 1–2) and clinical (Years 3–5) undergraduate dental students. Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey was conducted between January 2022 and June 2023. A 42-item validated self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 350 students using stratified proportional sampling across all five academic years. Data were analyses with SPSS v26 using descriptive statistics, chi-square, independent-samples t-test and ANOVA at α = 0.05. Results: Of 350 questionnaires, 320 were fully completed (response rate 91.4%). Mean age was 21.3 ± 1.7 years; 61.9% were female. Overall good knowledge was 67.5%; clinical students scored significantly higher than pre-clinical peers (78.3% vs 54.5%, p < 0.001). Twice-daily brushing was reported by 71%, flossing by 38%, and past-year dental check-up by 45%, all with clinical-year advantage. Awareness of the diabetes–oral health link was 65% and the cardiovascular link 48.1%, both significantly higher in clinical years. While 85% endorsed dental students' educator role, only 72% felt adequately prepared, rising from 50% (Year 1) to 95% (Year 5). Conclusions: Oral health awareness improves significantly across the CoDUB curriculum, but persistent gaps in self-care behavior's and systemic-link literacy argue for an earlier, more structured, vertically integrated preventive-dentistry curriculum.
subject: Review articles
  topic: section
subject: Cross-Sectional Studies
  topic: keywords
subject: Dental Students
  topic: keywords
subject: Education Dental
  topic: keywords
subject: Health Knowledge Attitudes Practice
  topic: keywords
subject: Iraq
  topic: keywords
subject: MeSH
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral Hygiene
  topic: keywords
subject: Patient Education as Topic
  topic: keywords
creator: Ameer Hamdi Al-Ameedee
creator: Israa Harjan Mohsen
creator: Amin Adeeb
creator: Z. Salameh
creator: Hajir Ameer Al-Ameedee
creator: Awab Ameer Al-Ameedee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ameer Hamdi Al-Ameedee, Israa Harjan Mohsen, Amin Adeeb, Z. Salameh, Hajir Ameer Al-Ameedee, Awab Ameer Al-Ameedee (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 49
ending page: 56
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2026.152576.1006

The Oral Microbiome in Health and Disease: Microbial Ecology, Dysbiosis, and Clinical Implications for Dental Practice
type: item
description: The oral cavity harbors one of the most complex microbial ecosystems in the human body, comprising more than 700 bacterial species alongside fungi, viruses, and archaea. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the composition, ecological dynamics, and clinical significance of the oral microbiome, with particular emphasis on implications for dental practice. We describe site-specific microbial communities and biofilm succession, analyze the role of keystone pathogens in driving dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and oral candidiasis, and examine the Socransky periodontal complex classification system. The bidirectional oral-systemic disease axis is explored, linking periodontal dysbiosis to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, colorectal cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. A four-step evidence-based clinical management framework integrating diagnostic risk assessment, mechanical debridement, targeted antimicrobial and biological adjuncts, and long-term preventive maintenance is presented. Microbiome-based diagnostics and emerging precision dentistry approaches are also discussed. Understanding oral microbial ecology is indispensable for contemporary, evidence-based dental practice.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Dental Caries
  topic: keywords
subject: Dental Plaque
  topic: keywords
subject: Microbial Ecology
  topic: keywords
subject: Dysbiosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral Microbiome
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral-Systemic Axis
  topic: keywords
subject: Peri-Implantitis
  topic: keywords
subject: Periodontal Disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Precision Dentistry
  topic: keywords
subject: Probiotics
  topic: keywords
creator: Zaman Kareem Hanan
creator: Adnan Abed Azeez
creator: Aliaa Kareem Hanan
creator: Ögret. Üyesi Aysel Sari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zaman Kareem Hanan, Adnan Abed Azeez , Aliaa Kareem Hanan, Ögret. Üyesi Aysel Sari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 27
ending page: 35
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2026.152576.1004

Malignant Transformation and Biomarker Expression in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study in Iraqi Patients
type: item
description: Background: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) constitute a heterogeneous group of lesions that frequently precede the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Although tobacco use remains highly prevalent among Iraqi adult males, with smoking rates approaching 38%, there is a paucity of comprehensive data regarding the clinicopathological characteristics and biomarker expression profiles of OPMDs within the Iraqi population.Objective: This study aimed to characterize the clinicopathological features of OPMDs in Iraqi patients and to evaluate the diagnostic and predictive utility of five immunohistochemical (IHC) biomarkers—p53, Ki-67, CD44, E-cadherin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)—in identifying high-grade epithelial dysplasia and malignant transformation.Methods:A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Private dental clinicsbetween, between January 2022 and December 2024, involving 120 patients diagnosed with OPMDs. Histopathological grading was performed according to the 2022 World Health Organization (WHO) classification criteria. Immunohistochemical expression of the selected biomarkers was quantified using H-score methodology. Statistical analyses, including chi-square testing, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariable logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, were undertaken using SPSS version 26.Results: The meanpatient age was 48.3 ± 11.2 years, with a male predominance (65%). Oral leukoplakia represented the most frequently diagnosed OPMD (45%). Erythroplakia demonstrated the highest cumulative frequency of moderate-to-severe dysplasia and OSCC (83.3%). Progressive increases in p53 expression were observed across the spectrum of dysplasia, rising from 22 ± 8 in non-dysplastic lesions to 215 ± 24 in OSCC cases. Similarly, Ki-67 expression increased from 14.8% to 74.6%, whereas E-cadherin expression exhibited a marked reduction from 248 ± 18 to 58 ± 18. Amo…
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Cadherins
  topic: keywords
subject: Iraq
  topic: keywords
subject: Ki-67 Antigen
  topic: keywords
subject: Leukoplakia Oral
  topic: keywords
subject: Lichen Planus Oral
  topic: keywords
subject: MeSH
  topic: keywords
subject: Mouth Neoplasms
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral Submucous Fibrosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
  topic: keywords
creator: Nadhema Bahaa Hussein
creator: Nada Khazal
creator: Riyam Naji Ali
creator: Zainab Mohammadi
creator: Ismael Mohammed Alsaadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nadhema Bahaa Hussein, Nada Khazal, Riyam Naji Ali, Zainab Mohammadi, Ismael Mohammed Alsaadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-06-23
publication date: 2026-06-23
starting page: 16
ending page: 26
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2026.152576.1003

Comparative Study of the Effect of Zinc Supplements Versus Low Level Laser Therapy on Osseointegration of Dental Implant
type: item
description: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and zinc supplementation on the osseointegration of dental implants. Eighteen patients aged 25–45 years were enrolled and randomly allocated into three equal groups: a control group receiving no adjunctive treatment, a laser group treated with LLLT at the implant site, and a zinc group receiving oral zinc supplementation for two months to meet the recommended daily allowance. Peri-implant bone density changes were assessed using digital orthopantomograms obtained immediately after implant placement (baseline), and at 1.5 and 6 months postoperatively. All groups demonstrated a statistically significant progressive increase in bone density along the bone–implant interface during the follow-up period. However, differences were observed in the rate and pattern of bone density changes. The LLLT group exhibited an earlier onset and a more pronounced increase in bone density compared with both the zinc and control groups. In contrast, the zinc and control groups showed slower and more gradual improvements, with no statistically significant difference detected between them. These findings suggest that LLLT significantly enhances peri-implant bone healing and accelerates the osseointegration process around immediately loaded titanium implants. The observed improvement in bone density highlights the biostimulatory effect of laser irradiation and supports its potential use as an effective adjunctive modality in implant dentistry.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Dental Implant
  topic: keywords
subject: Low Level Laser Therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Osseointegration
  topic: keywords
subject: Zinc Supplements
  topic: keywords
creator: Hassan Hussien Mohamed Elbadri
creator: Tarek Ali Mohamed Hassan
creator: Noha Mohamed El Adl
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hassan Hussien Mohamed Elbadri, Tarek Ali Mohamed Hassan, Noha Mohamed El Adl (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 36
ending page: 48
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2026.152576.1005

Clinical Evaluation of Dental Implant Placement in Reconstructed Jaw Bones
type: item
description: The purpose of the proposed multi-centre retrospective cohort study was to conduct a clinical and radiographic evaluation on dental implants outcomes in restored jaw bone. There were 72 patients who had undergone 180 implants and the follow up period was between 6 and 60 months. Imputed analysis was done to compare the survival, marginal bone loss (MBL), and outcome patterns with the reconstruction technique on an implant level. Surgery survival rates were high, as indicated by Kaplan Meyer review; nevertheless, there was a variation in survival rate of implants used in different types of reconstruction. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) sites with implants registered a cumulative survival of 100% then the autografts block reconstructions of the vascularized fibula flap (96.3%), with less portability of the block grafts vascularized fibula flapses after either tissue state recorded. Reconstruction techniques had different marginal bone losses. The median MBL of GBR, autogenous block grants and vascularized fibula flap were 1.19 mm, 1.27 mm and 1.80 mm respectively. Forty-three-point three percent of the implants had MBL value of only 1.5 mm and above and 17.2 percent had bigger values of 2.0 mm. Favourable correlation also indicated a positive association between the length of follow up and MBL with the site of vascularized fibula flaps portraying the highest rate of bone loss over time. In general, although the survival of implants in reconstructed jaw bones was usually positive, reconstruction technique and peri-implant bone stability were also affected by the time after which the implant was placed. Such results suggest that reconstruction-focused outcome measurement is essential during the implant rehabilitation planning process.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Autogenous bone graft
  topic: keywords
subject: Dental Implants
  topic: keywords
subject: Guided Bone Regeneration
  topic: keywords
subject: Implant survival
  topic: keywords
subject: Marginal bone loss
  topic: keywords
subject: Multi-center cohort study
  topic: keywords
subject: Reconstructed Jaw Bone
  topic: keywords
subject: Vascularized fibula flap
  topic: keywords
creator: Saif Mohamed Shihab
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Saif Mohamed Shihab (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2026-06-21
publication date: 2026-06-21
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2026.152576.1001

The Role of Diet, Salivary pH and Plaque in Dental Caries Development
type: item
description: Dental caries is one of the most common health problems in the world. It is caused by a number of things, such as what you eat, the bacteria in your mouth, and the acidity (pH) levels around your teeth. When you eat sweet meals, some bacteria, such Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, can break down the sugars and create acids. These acids steadily eat away at the enamel that protects our teeth. Not getting enough vital minerals, including calcium, Phosphorus, vitamins C and D, and other things can make our teeth and gums weaker, which makes them more susceptible to get harmed. The relationship between salivary characteristics, such as salivary pH, and plaque biofilms will affect how we treat dental caries as a whole. For dental caries, this involves the consistent disruption of the oral plaque biofilm by mechanical oral hygiene, along with dietary modifications to reduce exposure to fermentable carbohydrates. Eating and drinking too many sweet things can make your mouth more acidic, which can hurt your gums and enamel. At the same time, not getting enough vitamins C and D might make it harder for the body to heal and fight illnesses. Saliva and bacteria in the mouth are the two main things that cause dental caries. It has been shown that there is a link between pH levels and the number of cavities, as well as the effects of local and systemic factors and how changes in pH levels affect tooth structure. An acidic mouth environment causes demineralization and remineralization to happen at different rates, and it also causes more acid-loving bacteria to grow. This article explains how diet, saliva pH, and plaque all work together to affect oral health. It stresses the importance of good nutrition and everyday care for keeping teeth healthy.
subject: Review articles
  topic: section
subject: Dental Caries
  topic: keywords
subject: Diet
  topic: keywords
subject: Salivary pH
  topic: keywords
subject: Plaque
  topic: keywords
creator: Zaman Kareem Hanan
creator: Adnan abed azeez alazraqi
creator: Shamam K. Oudah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zaman Kareem Hanan, Adnan abed azeez alazraqi, Shamam K. Oudah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 71
ending page: 76
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2024.152576.1020

3D Bioprinting in Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Engineering: Progress, Challenges, and Future Prospects
type: item
description: 3D bioprinting holds significant promise for regenerating complex oral and maxillofacial structures. This review provides an in-depth analysis of current bioprinting strategies, including inkjet, extrusion, and laser-assisted technologies, and their applications in bone, cartilage, and soft tissue reconstruction. Key considerations such as cell viability, scaffold design, and vascularization are examined. The combination of bioinks with stem cells and growth factors has opened new avenues for patient-specific treatments. However, technical challenges such as mechanical strength, integration with native tissues, and regulatory barriers persist. This paper concludes with a vision of clinical translation supported by interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation in biomaterials.
subject: Review articles
  topic: section
subject: 3D bioprinting
  topic: keywords
subject: tissue engineering
  topic: keywords
subject: oral surgery
  topic: keywords
subject: biomaterials
  topic: keywords
subject: regenerative medicine
  topic: keywords
creator: Ameer Hamdi Al-Ameedee
creator: Amin Adeeb
creator: Ali Ameer Al-Ameedee
creator: Awab Ameer Al-Ameedee
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ameer Hamdi Al-Ameedee, Amin Adeeb, Ali Ameer Al-Ameedee, Awab Ameer Al-Ameedee (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 57
ending page: 70
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2024.152576.1019

Evolution of CAD/CAM Systems in Implant-Supported Full-Arch Prostheses
type: item
description: Digital workflows using CAD/CAM technology have revolutionized the fabrication of implant-supported full-arch prostheses. This review traces the evolution of digital dentistry from conventional impressions to fully guided surgery and prosthesis manufacturing. Comparisons between subtractive and additive manufacturing methods are discussed in terms of precision, time efficiency, and clinical outcomes. Key metrics for evaluating accuracy, such as trueness, fit, and passive adaptation, are critically analyzed based on recent clinical studies. Challenges such as cost, learning curve, and integration with existing clinical systems are acknowledged. The review emphasizes the growing evidence that digital workflows can improve patient satisfaction and reduce chair side time.
subject: Review articles
  topic: section
subject: CAD/CAM
  topic: keywords
subject: digital dentistry
  topic: keywords
subject: implant prostheses
  topic: keywords
subject: full-arch restoration
  topic: keywords
subject: workflow accuracy
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Saleem Abbas
creator: Noor Thamer Mahmood
creator: Widad Abd Aljabbar Mozzan
creator: Abdolmajid Ghasemian
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Saleem Abbas, Noor Thamer Mahmood , Widad Abd Aljabbar Mozzan, Abdolmajid Ghasemian (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 77
ending page: 86
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2024.152576.1021

Expression of lncRNA MALAT1 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Correlation with Tumor Invasiveness and Prognosis
type: item
description: This molecular study investigates the expression of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1 in tissue samples from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Quantitative PCR was used to assess MALAT1 levels in 40 OSCC samples and 20 adjacent normal tissues. High MALAT1 expression was significantly correlated with increased tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and poor 3-year survival outcomes. These results highlight MALAT1 as a potential biomarker for OSCC progression and a possible target for therapeutic intervention. Functional studies are warranted to explore its role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Oral cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: lncRNA
  topic: keywords
subject: MALAT1
  topic: keywords
subject: tumor markers
  topic: keywords
subject: prognosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Shaimaa Obaid Hasson
creator: Asmaa Sami Jawad
creator: Dina M.R.Al-khafaf
creator: Zaman S. Hamza
creator: Heba F. Altamimi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shaimaa Obaid Hasson, Asmaa Sami Jawad, Dina M.R.Al-khafaf, Zaman S. Hamza, Heba F. Altamimi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 7
ending page: 20
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2024.152576.1015

Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality-BasedSimulation in Teaching Pulpotomy to Undergraduate DentalStudents
type: item
description: This educational study assesses the efficacy of a virtual reality (VR) simulator for teaching pulpotomy procedures to third-year dental students. Participants (n=60) were randomly divided into two groups: VR-based training vs. traditional mannequin-based training. Performance was evaluated using a skills checklist and a post-training theoretical test. The VR group demonstrated significantly higher retention of procedural steps and reported greater confidence in clinical application. Students also rated the immersive experience as more engaging and intuitive. These findings suggest that VR-based learning can enhance dental education, particularly for preclinical skill acquisition.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Dental education
  topic: keywords
subject: virtual reality
  topic: keywords
subject: pulpotomy
  topic: keywords
subject: simulation training
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical skills
  topic: keywords
creator: Nada Khazal K. Hindi
creator: Zaman S. Hamza
creator: Fatima Malik Abood
creator: Saad Mardi Muhammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nada Khazal K. Hindi , Zaman S. Hamza, Fatima Malik Abood, Saad Mardi Muhammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 21
ending page: 33
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2025.152576.1016

Histomorphometric Assessment of Peri-Implant Bone Formation Using Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Diabetic Rabbits
type: item
description: This animal study evaluates the influenc of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on bone regeneration around titanium dental implants in a diabetic rabbit model. Sixteen rabbits were divided into control and PRF-treated groups, with implants placed bilaterally in the femur. After 8 weeks, histological and histomorphometric analyses were performed. The PRF group exhibited significantly greater bone-to-implant contact and new bone volume compared to controls. These results Suggest that PRF may enhance early osseointegration in compromised healing conditions such as diabetes. The findings support the potential use of autologous biologics in implant dentistry for medically compromised patients.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Dental implants
  topic: keywords
subject: platelet-rich fibrin
  topic: keywords
subject: bone regeneration
  topic: keywords
subject: diabetes
  topic: keywords
subject: histomorphometry
  topic: keywords
creator: Ameer Hamdi AL-Ameedee
creator: Z Salameh
creator: Ali Ameer AL-Ameedee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ameer Hamdi AL-Ameedee, Z Salameh, Ali Ameer AL-Ameedee (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 34
ending page: 48
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2025.152576.1017

A Cross-sectional Study to Investigate the Awareness of General Dental Practitioners Toward Chlorhexidine Prescription in Dental Clinics in Babylon Province
type: item
description: Background and Aim: Chlorhexidine gluconate is a broad-spectrum antiseptic agent commonly prescribed in dental practice for managing plaque-induced gingivitis, post-surgical oral hygiene, and certain periodontal conditions. Despite its effectiveness, the irrational and frequent prescription of Chlorhexidine mouthwash, particularly in the absence of clear clinical indications, poses significant concerns regarding patient safety, emergence of antimicrobial resistance, and unnecessary financial burden. General dental practitioners (GDPs), who play a critical role in prescribing habits, often vary in their level of awareness regarding evidence-based indications, dosage regimens, side effects, and duration of use. The present study aimed to assess the level of knowledge, awareness, and clinical practices among GDPs in Babylon Province, Iraq, regarding the rational use of Chlorhexidine mouthwash, and to identify existing knowledge gaps that may lead to inappropriate or over prescription. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated online structured questionnaire, distributed among general dental practitioners across Babylon Province between March 14 and April 15, 2024. The survey consisted of 25 multiple-choice and Likert-scale questions addressing dentists’ knowledge of chlorhexidine’s pharmacological properties, appropriate clinical indications, prescription habits, awareness of side effects, and attitude toward antimicrobial stewardship. Out of 259 respondents, 178 qualified as GDPs and their responses were subjected to statistical analysis using descriptive frequencies and percentage distributions. Results: Findings revealed a significant variability in knowledge among practitioners. A large proportion of GDPs reported routine prescription of Chlorhexidine irrespective of clinical necessity. While 85% of respondents recognized its antibacterial action, only 42% demonstrated awareness of its potential adverse effects, such as tooth s…
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Chlorhexidine gluconate
  topic: keywords
subject: dental mouthwash
  topic: keywords
subject: general dental practitioners
  topic: keywords
subject: prescribing practices
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial resistance,
  topic: keywords
subject: oral hygiene agents
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed F. Jabaz
creator: Ali H. J. Khekan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed F. Jabaz, Ali H. J. Khekan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2024.152576.1014

A Systematic Review of case Reports of Neoplastic Changes in Epithelial lining of Dentigerous Cysts
type: item
description: Introduction: The possibility of transformation of the epithelium lining the cavity of dentigerous cyst to a neoplastic one has been recognized for a number of cases, but it is difficult to establish that such an event has actually occurred. So, the current review aims to implement a systematic review to identify the potential demographic, clinical and radiological characteristics of the malignant transformation that arose in DC. Material and method: The review was carried out per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). 50 articles were reviewed and reported 55 cases with neoplastic changes originated from dentigerous cysts. Result: The demographic and clinical characteristics of the included cases showed that the mean age of the affected patients was 44.04 ±23.36 years, ranged from 1.33 to 84 years. Thirty-three patients (60%) were males. Most of the reported neoplasms were in mandible (72.7%). Primary sites of these neoplasms were the posterior regions (35, 63.6%), with majority of cases recorded in molar areas (26, 47.3%), while the incisor region affected less frequently (5, 9.1%). Radiographically, the majority of neoplasm appeared as unilocular radiolucency (39, 70.9%), while multilocular radiolucency reported in 2 cases only (3.6%). Histopathologically, malignant transformations were noticed in 40 cases (72.7%) and the majority of them were squamous cell carcinoma (35, 63.6%) mostly of well differentiated type (25, 45.5%), provided that 20 cases (36.4%) were not described regarding histological differentiation. On the other hand, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor represented as most benign lesion associated with the dentigerous cyst (10, 18.2% of all neoplasms and 66.7% of the benign lesions). Most of the neoplasm cases were reported in India (19, 34.5%) and were of Asian race (26, 47.3%). Conclusion: Although most studies report that neoplastic transformation rarely occurs in the lining of the dentigerous cyst but unfortu…
subject: Review articles
  topic: section
subject: dentigerous
  topic: keywords
subject: cyst
  topic: keywords
subject: malignant
  topic: keywords
subject: systematic reviews
  topic: keywords
subject: meta-analyses
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali H. Murad
creator: Muna. S Merza
creator: Maha Waleed Alghazali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ali H. Murad, Muna. S Merza, Maha Waleed Alghazali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 49
ending page: 56
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2025.152576.1018

A Systematic Review Evaluating Systemic Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Chronic Periodontitis: A Comprehensive Systematic Review
type: item
description: Chronic periodontitis is a prevalent, multifactorial inflammatory condition that results in the progressive destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth. While conventional mechanical debridement remains the cornerstone of periodontal therapy, adjunctive use of systemic antibiotics has gained prominence, particularly in cases of aggressive disease, poor response to scaling and root planning (SRP), or compromised host immunity. However, the empirical use of antibiotics poses significant risks, notably the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which threatens the long-term efficacy of periodontal therapies. This systematic review aims to evaluate the rationale, efficacy, and patterns of systemic antibiotic use in the treatment of chronic periodontitis, with a focus on the development of resistance among key periodontal pathogens. A comprehensive literature search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, identifying eligible studies published between January 2010 and March 2025. Clinical and microbiological outcomes, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and evidence-based recommendations were synthesized. The findings underscore the importance of judicious antibiotic prescribing and highlight the need for targeted antimicrobial regimens based on microbiological diagnostics and susceptibility profiles.
subject: Review articles
  topic: section
subject: Adjunctive Therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibiotic Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Chronic Periodontitis
  topic: keywords
subject: Clindamycin
  topic: keywords
subject: Metronidazole
  topic: keywords
subject: Periodontal Pathogens
  topic: keywords
subject: Systemic Antibiotics
  topic: keywords
subject: Tetracyclines
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Hamid Jasim Khekan
creator: Mohammed F. Jabaz
creator: Alaa H. Abbas
creator: Ahmed D. Hatif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Hamid Jasim Khekan, Mohammed F. Jabaz, Alaa H Abbas, Ahmed D. Hatif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 10
ending page: 18
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2025.152576.1002

Salivary TNF and Blood Monocytes in Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration: Insights from Clinical and Immunological Evaluation
type: item
description: Rise levels of TNF have been detected in the tissues, saliva, and blood of patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis, suggesting its participation in the progress and persistence of these ulcerative lesions. This study aims to examine the levels of tumor necrosis factor in the saliva of people who have recurrent aphthous stomatitis in order to learn more about its pathophysiology. The study involved 80 individuals, including 40 patients identified with RAU and 40 sex- and age-matched healthy individuals as controls. TNF levels were estimated by using commercially available micro-well enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits; monocytes were determined by using an automated hematological analyzer XT2000i (from Sysmex, Japan). The statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in TNF and monocyte count increased significantly in patients with aphthous ulcers when compared with healthy individuals (p-value < 0.000). Also, TNF was significantly higher in major aphthous ulcers compared to herpetiform aphthous ulcers, but statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between minor aphthous ulcers and herpetiform aphthous ulcers.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Aphthous
  topic: keywords
subject: TNF
  topic: keywords
subject: Ulceration
  topic: keywords
subject: WBC
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatimah Kadhim Ibrahim AL-Mahdawi
creator: Mazin Razooqi Mohammed
creator: Mustafa Ghani Taher
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fatimah Kadhim Ibrahim AL-Mahdawi, Mazin Razooqi Mohammed , Mustafa Ghani Taher (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 33
ending page: 37
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2025.152576.1005

Correlation Between Salivary Interleukin-6 and White Blood Cells in Patients with Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration: A Clinical and Immunological Assessment
type: item
description: Recurrent aphthous ulceration is the predominant oral condition, impacting 5–20% of the general populace, IL-6 is a crucial mediator in signaling acute inflammatory responses generated at infection sites and functioning as a warning signal to the entire organism. This study aims to quantify salivary IL-6 levels in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers to evaluate the potential local synthesis of cytokines at the disease site. The study involved 80 individuals, including 40 patients identified with RAU and 40 sex and age matched healthy individuals as controls. Interleukin-6 levels were estimated by using commercially available micro-well enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, white blood cells were determined by using an automated hematological analyzers XT2000i (from sysmex, Japan). The statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in IL-6 and white blood cells level increased significantly in patients with aphthous ulcers when compared with healthy individual (p-value <0.000) as well as the mean IL-6 level was significantly higher in major aphthous ulcers compared to minor aphthous ulcers (p-value = 0.005) and herpetiform aphthous ulcers (p-value = 0.008). Nonetheless, statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between minor aphthous ulcers and herpetiform aphthous ulcers.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Aphthous
  topic: keywords
subject: Herpetiform
  topic: keywords
subject: IL-6
  topic: keywords
subject: Ulceration
  topic: keywords
creator: Mazin Razooqi Mohammed
creator: Fatimah Kadhim Ibrahim AL-Mahdawi
creator: Mustafa Ghani Taher
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mazin Razooqi Mohammed , Fatimah Kadhim Ibrahim AL-Mahdawi, Mustafa Ghani Taher (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 38
ending page: 42
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2025.152576.1006

Evidence of β-Catenin Immunohistochemistry in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Association with Clinicopathological Characteristics
type: item
description: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of cancer in the upper aerodigestive tract, while head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the eighth most common cancer in men and the thirteenth most common cancer in women worldwide. The objective of the study was to assess the β-catenin immunohistochemistry expression and relate it to variables including age, gender, tumor location, clinical manifestation, and histopathological grade of OSCC. In all, 45 blocks of completely excised OSCC that had been previously formalin-fixed and embedded in paraffin were considered for the investigation. The anti-β-catenin antibody was used for the immunohistochemical staining. Forty-five patients who underwent excisional removal for OSCC were analyzed retrospectively through Hematoxylin, eosin, and immunohistochemical staining to evaluate clinical and pathological parameters. The majority of occurrences (31.11%) happened in the 70s, according to the results, with males being more affected than females, showing a male-to-female ratio of 1.5:1. The most common site of the tumor was the tongue (48.89%), and the majority of cases presented clinically as a mass (53.33%). Immunohistochemically, the β-catenin positive immunoreaction was most commonly observed in score 2 (51.11%). Statistically, β-catenin expression showed a significant association with tumor grade. The study found that β-catenin, a signaling molecule, reduces membrane localization and increases cytoplasmic and nuclear staining. Its expression is strongly associated with tumor grade, suggesting that β-catenin may promote tumor progression by enhancing cell proliferation and weakening cell adhesion.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Immunohistochemical
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral Squamous
  topic: keywords
subject: β-Catenin
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali H. Murad
creator: Muna S. Merza
creator: Fatimah Kadhim Ibrahim AL-Mahdawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ali H. Murad, Muna S. Merza, Fatimah Kadhim Ibrahim AL-Mahdawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 19
ending page: 25
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2025.152576.1003

Evaluation of the Shear Bond Strength of Denture Soft Liner Reinforcement with Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
type: item
description: Aim: This research aims to analyze an alteration in the shear bond strength of soft denture lining materials by the addition of copper oxide nanoparticles with various percentages. Materials and Methods: Three groups of 10 were formed from the total of 30 acrylic block samples (25 mm × 25 mm × 3 mm). Ten specimens without any added CuO Nano Filler made up the control group, or Group A; 10 specimens in the second group (Group B) were modified with 0.3% CuO added Nano Filler, while the 10 specimens in the last group (Group C) had 0.5% CuO added Nano Filler. The universal Instron device was utilized to measure each sample, which tested the shear bond strength. In addition, the utilization of a statistical package for social science (SPSS) and the ANOVA evaluation for a statistical testing of the information and a determination of the truthfulness of the statistical hypothesis, respectively. Results: Descriptive statistics for the shear bond strength for the aforemen-tioned specimen categories, which are detailed in Table 1 have shown a change in mean values between groups A, B, and C, with group C being the lowest out of the three groups (0.31±0.043). Conclusions: There is an inverse relationship between the addition of CuO Nano Filler and the shear bond strength.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Abutment Interfaces
  topic: keywords
subject: Abutment Types
  topic: keywords
subject: Prosthesis Retention
  topic: keywords
creator: Maha H. Dewan
creator: Hawraa K. Aziz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maha H. Dewan, Hawraa K. Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 26
ending page: 32
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2025.152576.1004

Implant Abutment Design Dealing with Traditional and Modern Types of Implant Abutment Design with Each Advantages and Disadvantages
type: item
description: Dental implant technology has evolved significantly since its inception. In line with the range of methods employed, implant abutments have been introduced to the market. These affect the dentist's mind and put them in a dilemma when choosing an appropriate abutment design for their cases. For this reason, this paper clarifies abbreviated examples of implant abutment designs that are to be handed in the market and provides an overview of their clinical application in dentistry of each type. Each type of abutment that will be discussed in this review has many advantages and may encourage its usage, while others have disadvantages that may restrict its usage in some cases, as revealed in this article. Brand new abutments have been shown in this review, and they have overcome the obstacles faced by the usage of traditional abutments. On the other hand, traditional abutment is still necessary in economic situations.
subject: Review articles
  topic: section
subject: Abutment Interfaces
  topic: keywords
subject: Abutment Types
  topic: keywords
subject: Prosthesis Retention
  topic: keywords
creator: Hanean Amer Awadh
creator: Wasmaa Sadik Mahmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hanean Amer Awadh, Wasmaa Sadik Mahmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2025.152576.1001

Salivary MMP-9 Level: Association with Tissue Remodeling in Oral Lichen Planus
type: item
description: Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by lesions in the oral mucosa. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a key enzyme in tissue remodeling, is implicated in various inflammatory diseases, but its role in OLP pathogenesis remains unclear. This study aims to investigate salivary MMP-9 levels in patients with OLP and correlate them with the clinical characteristics of the disease, specifically considering their potential association with tissue remodeling. Methods: A case-control study was conducted, including 40 patients with clinically and histopathologically confirmed OLP and 40 healthy controls. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from all participants. MMP-9 levels were measured using an ELISA kit. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests and correlation analysis using SPSS 20. The correlation between salivary MMP-9 levels and OLP clinical features were investigated. Results: Salivary MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in OLP patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). When categorizing the subtypes of OLP, erosive and atrophic lesions presented with significantly higher MMP-9 levels than reticular lesions and healthy control group (p < 0.01). A moderate positive correlation was observed between salivary MMP-9 levels and disease severity. No correlation was observed between patients’ age and sex with MMP-9 levels. Conclusion: This study suggests that elevated salivary MMP-9 levels are associated with OLP, especially in erosive and atrophic subtypes, indicating its role in the tissue remodeling process during the progression of OLP. Our findings suggest that MMP-9 could be a useful biomarker for OLP diagnosis and potentially a target for therapeutic interventions aimed at controlling the excessive tissue remodeling associated with this disease. Further studies are necessary to validate our findings and determine the specific mechanisms through which MMP-9 contributes to OLP pathogenesis.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Oral lichen planus
  topic: keywords
subject: MMP-9
  topic: keywords
subject: Tissue remodeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Saliva
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomarker
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibrahim G. Abdelrhman
creator: Ahmad Maher Ibrahim Al Sayeh
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ibrahim G. Abdelrhman, Ahmad Maher Ibrahim Al Sayeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 17
ending page: 23
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2024.152576.1010

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Modern Dentistry: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions
type: item
description: The integration of artificial intelligence [ AI] into dentistry is revolutionizing diagnostic, therapeutic, and patient management practices, addressing the growing complexity of modern dental care. This review explores the multifaceted applications of AI, including its role in diagnostics, treatment planning, patient communication, imaging, and robotics, highlighting its potential to enhance accuracy, efficiency, and patient satisfaction. Key benefits such as cost reduction and workflow optimization are contrasted with significant challenges, including technical limitations, ethical concerns, and barriers to adoption by practitioners. By analyzing emerging technologies like natural language processing [ NLP] and augmented reality [ AR], this paper outlines future directions for personalized and predictive dentistry and multidisciplinary collaboration. The findings underscore the transformative potential of AI in dentistry while emphasizing the need for robust frameworks to ensure ethical, secure, and effective implementation. This review serves as a comprehensive resource for practitioners, researchers, and policymakers aiming to harness AI to elevate the standards of dental care.
subject: Review articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Dentistry
  topic: keywords
subject: Diagnostics
  topic: keywords
subject: Treatment Planning
  topic: keywords
subject: Robotics
  topic: keywords
creator: Magdi A. Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Magdi A. Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 39
ending page: 49
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2024.152576.1012

Advances in Biomaterials for Dental Implants: From Nanotechnology to Regenerative Medicine
type: item
description: The evolution of biomaterials has significantly transformed dental implantology, offering improved functionality, aesthetics, and patient outcomes. This review explores the progression from conventional materials such as titanium alloys, ceramics, and polymers to advanced biomaterials enabled by nanotechnology and regenerative medicine. Innovations like nanostructured surfaces, nanocomposites, and antimicrobial nanocoatings have enhanced osseointegration, strength, and infection prevention. Furthermore, regenerative approaches employing bioactive glass, hydrogels, and biodegradable materials have advanced bone and soft tissue repair. The incorporation of biologics, including growth factors and stem cell therapies, shows promise in optimizing implant success. Emerging technologies such as smart biomaterials, CRISPR, and AI-driven biomaterial design present a futuristic vision for personalized dental care. Despite these advancements, challenges related to biocompatibility, long-term stability, and ethical considerations persist. This review highlights current achievements and future directions, emphasizing the potential of biomaterials to revolutionize modern dental implant practices.
subject: Review articles
  topic: section
subject: dental implants
  topic: keywords
subject: nanotechnology
  topic: keywords
subject: regenerative medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: biomaterials
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Adil Abdelrahim Mohammed Yousif
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Adil Abdelrahim Mohammed Yousif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 28
ending page: 38
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2024.152576.1011

Expression of CD83 in Gingival Lesions: Diagnostic Potential in Oral Lichen Planus and Oral Lichenoid Reactions
type: item
description: Oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid reactions (OLR) are chronic immune-mediated conditions affecting the oral mucosa, often involving the gingiva. Their overlapping clinical and histopathological features make accurate diagnosis challenging. CD83, a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on mature dendritic cells, is a key regulator of immune responses through its role in antigen presentation and T-cell activation. This study evaluates the expression of CD83 in gingival tissues affected by OLP and OLR, aiming to establish its diagnostic potential.Seventy-two gingival tissue samples, including 31 OLP, 30 OLR, and 11 normal gingiva, were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. CD83-positive cells were quantified in the basal, suprabasal, and connective tissue regions. The results demonstrated significantly elevated CD83 expression in OLP and OLR compared to normal gingiva, with OLP exhibiting the highest levels. Reticular and erosive subtypes of OLP displayed distinct expression patterns, reflecting variations in immune activity and disease progression.These findings underscore the importance of CD83 as a biomarker for distinguishing OLP from OLR and normal gingiva. Elevated CD83 expression correlates with heightened immune activity, suggesting its relevance in pathogenesis and diagnostic differentiation. The study advocates for further research to validate CD83’s clinical utility in managing gingival lesions and improving diagnostic precision in immune-mediated oral conditions.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: CD83
  topic: keywords
subject: gingival lesions
  topic: keywords
subject: oral lichen planus
  topic: keywords
subject: oral lichenoid reactions
  topic: keywords
subject: dendritic cells
  topic: keywords
creator: Samuel Ebele Udeabor
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Samuel Ebele Udeabor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 12
ending page: 16
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2024.152576.1009

Salivary Interleukin 17a and IL1 as a Dependent Positive Predictive Biomarker for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Iraqi Patients
type: item
description: Background: Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer in human. Over 90% of malignant neoplasms of the head and neck are diagnosed as squamous cell carcinomas of oral cavity. In addition, its diagnosis is often late due to unavailability of predictive reliable measurable biomarkers. Interleukin 17 is one of pro-inflammatory cytokines manufactured by T-helper cells. It usually binds to type I cell-surface receptor named interleukin. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) represents a master cytokine of local and systemic inflammation. It exerts both beneficial, promoting innate immunity against invading microorganisms, and harmful roles in a plethora of autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases including cancer. The purpose of the current study was to explore the predictive role of salivary interleukin 17 and IL1 in the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma in comparison with healthy individuals.Method: Patients with histopathologic ally-confirmed oral squamous cell carcinoma (40 patients) and 40 normal healthy subjects (controls) were involved in this study. Unstimulated saliva was collected from each individual. Salivary interleukin-17 and IL1 levels were evaluated for both groups using Enzyme- Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) technique.Results: Mean value of IL-17 and IL1 levels were significantly increased in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients as compared to controls.Conclusion: Interleukin-17 and IL1 has particular advantage to be used as a positive predictive factor for prognosis and diagnosis of OSCC.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Interleukin-17
  topic: keywords
subject: Interleukin-1
  topic: keywords
subject: oral squamous cell carcinoma
  topic: keywords
creator: Mustafa Gheni Taher
creator: Fatimah Kadhim Ibrahim AL- Mahdawi
creator: Ammar Kadi
creator: Irina Potoroko
creator: Marouane Chemek
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Mustafa Gheni Taher (Author), Fatimah Kadhim Ibrahim AL-Mahdawi, Ammar Kadi, Irina Potoroko , Marouane Chemek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2024.152576.1008

Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Dental and Oral Diseases: A Brief Review of Their Use as Drug Carriers
type: item
description: Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted significant interest in the field of drug delivery, due to their unique physicochemical properties and ability to act at the molecular and cellular levels. Another property of magnetic nanoparticles that has contributed to their popularity is their ability to target specific cells, reducing the systemic toxicity of the compound. In recent years, magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic forces have been used in dentistry to deliver drugs for the prevention and treatment of dental diseases. Magnetic nanoparticle-based therapies are highly effective against bacterial and fungal pathogens that are resistant to conventional antibiotic therapy. In the field of cosmetic dentistry, magnetic nanoparticles have contributed to improving the transparency and corrosion resistance of dental materials. The use of magnetic nanoparticles in various dental drug delivery systems has also contributed to reducing the incidence of dental caries and dental diseases in the fields of root canal and periodontal treatment. The addition of magnetic nanoparticles to dental filling materials and adhesives has helped prevent the formation of biofilms. In this chapter, the applications of magnetic nanoparticles in dentistry are summarized with emphasis on their biocompatibility and safety.
subject: Review articles
  topic: section
subject: Dental Diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Drug Delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanotechnology in Dentistry
  topic: keywords
creator: Radwan Ali
creator: Zeena Farhan AL Sultani
creator: Mohammed N. Al-Delfi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Radwan Ali, Zeena Farhan AL Sultani , Mohammed N. Al-Delfi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 50
ending page: 58
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2024.152576.1013

Probiotic Supplementation: A Promising Preventive Strategy for Dental Caries
type: item
description: Dental diseases are widespread health problems encountered globally. Tooth decay is one of the most widespread oral health issues globally. Key factors contributing to the development of dental caries include inadequate oral hygiene, the presence of specific carbohydrates in the diet, dental biofilm formation, high levels of cariogenic microbes, reduced salivary flow, insufficient fluoride exposure, gingival recession, genetic predispositions, and neglect of personal dental care. Various preventive strategies have been employed to lower the risk of developing dental caries. Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when taken in appropriate quantities, provide health benefits to the host. They are acknowledged as potential supplementary treatments for various diseases. This manuscript reviews recent research on the role of probiotics in preventing dental caries and explores the potential mechanisms behind their effects. Literature reviews show that regular consumption of probiotic products significantly lowers the risk of dental caries by inhibiting cariogenic bacteria and promoting beneficial microbes in the oral cavity. The beneficial effects of probiotics are likely due to their ability to buffer salivary pH, produce bacteriocins and enzymes (such as dextranase, mutanase, and urease), and compete for adhesion and colonization on tooth surfaces. Additional research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of long-term probiotic supplementation in controlling dental diseases and to assess how probiotic use during childhood affects the risk of developing caries.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: dental caries
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacteriocin
  topic: keywords
subject: Microbiota
  topic: keywords
subject: Probiotics
  topic: keywords
creator: Radwan Ali
creator: Ali H. Murad
creator: Zeena AL sultani
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Radwan Ali, Ali H. Murad, Zeena AL sultani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 19
ending page: 30
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2024.152576.1007

Alterations in The Salivary Flow Rate as A Result of The Effect of Different Associated Factors: A review
type: item
description: Saliva is a complex non-invasive biological fluid that possesses a large number of important properties and functions; it plays an important role in the protection of the oral, dental, and general health through its several protecting systems. The flow rate of saliva is defined as “the amount of saliva produced by salivary glands in the time unit, expressed in mL/min or g/min”, which is considered an important salivary factor that has an impact on different oral and systemic diseases. Unstimulated whole salivary flow rate is considered a more dependent clinically reliable parameter and during collection, is considered as the basal flow rate, whereas stimulated salivary flow rate reflects saliva secretion during food intake. Secretion of saliva is affected by several factors resulting in increases or decreases in the levels of its flow rate, this alteration will share in the initiation of different abnormal systemic or local oral and general conditions and disturbances demonstrated by hyposalivation causing a feeling of dry mouth. Some of these factors affect the unstimulated and stimulated flow rates. An increase or decrease in salivary flow rate will play a role in determining the nature of some diseases as a diagnostic tool. This review aimed to determine the impact of some of the different factors that cause an alteration in the salivary flow rate and the effect of this alteration in the initiation of oral and systemic diseases and other disturbances that then affect oral and general health.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: saliva
  topic: keywords
subject: salivary flow rate
  topic: keywords
subject: Salivary Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Alteration in salivary flow rate
  topic: keywords
creator: Raad Salih Al-Ani
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Raad Salih Al-Ani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 12
ending page: 18
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2024.151327.1006

Methods Of Sterilization of Endodontic Files Among Iraqi Dentists: Mix Method
type: item
description: Objectives evaluate the knowledge of Iraqi dentists about the process of sterilizing endodontics files; to find the most familiar method and material are used among Iraqi dentists; Materials and Methods A questionnaire was delivered electronically to dentists in different specialties during May 2024. This questionnaire included questions about the demographics and professional backgrounds of the dentists, and their techniques used for sterilization of used endodontic files and materials used in sterilization was also questioned. Results Regardless of the specialty, it was found that the frequency of using sterilization by Autoclave were high between Iraqi dentist. Regarding disinfectant materials that used by Iraqi dentist in pre- sterilizing stage to clean the endodontic files the use of alcohol was the most commonly used material. Also the most of Iraqi dentist was aware about the effect of sodium hypochlorite on endodontic files during sterilization. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Despite the quality guideline recommendations, the use of autoclave in sterilizing the endodontic files is the most frequent method among Iraqi dentists.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: sterilization
  topic: keywords
subject: endodontics
  topic: keywords
subject: endodontic files
  topic: keywords
subject: autoclave
  topic: keywords
subject: Alcohol
  topic: keywords
subject: Sodium Hypochlorite
  topic: keywords
creator: Jood Mawil Ahmed
creator: Mariam Methaq Talab
creator: Farah Maher
creator: Linz Ali Shalan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Jood Mawil Ahmed, Mariam Methaq Talab, Farah Maher, Linz Ali Shalan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 7
ending page: 11
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2024.151324.1005

Chrysin-Mediated Promotion of Odontoblastic Differentia- tion: A Pathway Towards Dental Pulp Regeneration
type: item
description: Dental pulp, a critical component in tooth development and maintenance, plays a vital role in dentin formation, nutrient supply, and signal transmission. When damaged, pulp can become infected and necrotic, leading to pain and a decline in the quality of life. Current clinical treatments, such as root canal therapy, though effective, result in the loss of pulp vitality and associated sensory and defensive functions. Recognizing the potential of regenerative approaches, our study explored the odontogenic differentiation effects of Chrysin, a natural flavonoid, on human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). Our investigations revealed that Chrysin, particularly at a concentration of 10 μM, exhibited no cytotoxic effects on hDPCs over a 5-day period. Notably, this concentration demonstrated optimal effects on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization capacity, indicating its potential as an agent for odontogenic differentiation. Further analyses at the molecular level confirmed increased expression of odontogenic markers, including dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP-1), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), and ALP, supporting the pro-odontogenic effects of chrysin. In conclusion, our study underscores the positive effects of Chrysin on odontogenic differentiation in hDPCs, offering a promising avenue for further exploration in dental regenerative medicine. Future research should delve into in vivo applications and clinical assessments to validate the translational impact of Chrysin in preserving the vital pulp and advancing dental tissue regeneration.
subject: Original articles
  topic: section
subject: Human dental pulp
  topic: keywords
subject: Cellsosteolectinodontoblastic
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subject: Differentiation
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creator: Ali Hussein Lafta
creator: Wurood Al-Kariti
creator: Bilal Akish Yousif
creator: Eman Mohammed Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ali Hussein Lafta, Wurood Al-Kariti, Bilal Akish Yousif, Eman Mohammed Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.57238/fdr.2024.148890.1004