The Role of Diet, Salivary pH and Plaque in Dental Caries Development
Dental caries is one of the most common health problems in the world. It is caused by a number of things, such as what you eat, the bacteria in your mouth, and the acidity (pH) levels around your teeth. When you eat sweet meals, some bacteria, such Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, can break down the sugars and create acids. These acids steadily eat away at the enamel that protects our teeth. Not getting enough vital minerals, including calcium, Phosphorus, vitamins C and D, and other things can make our teeth and gums weaker, which makes them more susceptible to get harmed. The relationship between salivary characteristics, such as salivary pH, and plaque biofilms will affect how we treat dental caries as a whole. For dental caries, this involves the consistent disruption of the oral plaque biofilm by mechanical oral hygiene, along with dietary modifications to reduce exposure to fermentable carbohydrates. Eating and drinking too many sweet things can make your mouth more acidic, which can hurt your gums and enamel. At the same time, not getting enough vitamins C and D might make it harder for the body to heal and fight illnesses. Saliva and bacteria in the mouth are the two main things that cause dental caries. It has been shown that there is a link between pH levels and the number of cavities, as well as the effects of local and systemic factors and how changes in pH levels affect tooth structure. An acidic mouth environment causes demineralization and remineralization to happen at different rates, and it also causes more acid-loving bacteria to grow. This article explains how diet, saliva pH, and plaque all work together to affect oral health. It stresses the importance of good nutrition and everyday care for keeping teeth healthy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zaman Kareem Hanan, Adnan abed azeez alazraqi, Shamam K. Oudah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
3D Bioprinting in Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Engineering: Progress, Challenges, and Future Prospects
3D bioprinting holds significant promise for regenerating complex oral and maxillofacial structures. This review provides an in-depth analysis of current bioprinting strategies, including inkjet, extrusion, and laser-assisted technologies, and their applications in bone, cartilage, and soft tissue reconstruction. Key considerations such as cell viability, scaffold design, and vascularization are examined. The combination of bioinks with stem cells and growth factors has opened new avenues for patient-specific treatments. However, technical challenges such as mechanical strength, integration with native tissues, and regulatory barriers persist. This paper concludes with a vision of clinical translation supported by interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation in biomaterials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ameer Hamdi Al-Ameedee, Amin Adeeb, Ali Ameer Al-Ameedee, Awab Ameer Al-Ameedee (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Evolution of CAD/CAM Systems in Implant-Supported Full-Arch Prostheses
Digital workflows using CAD/CAM technology have revolutionized the fabrication of implant-supported full-arch prostheses. This review traces the evolution of digital dentistry from conventional impressions to fully guided surgery and prosthesis manufacturing. Comparisons between subtractive and additive manufacturing methods are discussed in terms of precision, time efficiency, and clinical outcomes. Key metrics for evaluating accuracy, such as trueness, fit, and passive adaptation, are critically analyzed based on recent clinical studies. Challenges such as cost, learning curve, and integration with existing clinical systems are acknowledged. The review emphasizes the growing evidence that digital workflows can improve patient satisfaction and reduce chair side time.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Saleem Abbas, Noor Thamer Mahmood , Widad Abd Aljabbar Mozzan, Abdolmajid Ghasemian (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Expression of lncRNA MALAT1 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Correlation with Tumor Invasiveness and Prognosis
This molecular study investigates the expression of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1 in tissue samples from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Quantitative PCR was used to assess MALAT1 levels in 40 OSCC samples and 20 adjacent normal tissues. High MALAT1 expression was significantly correlated with increased tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and poor 3-year survival outcomes. These results highlight MALAT1 as a potential biomarker for OSCC progression and a possible target for therapeutic intervention. Functional studies are warranted to explore its role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shaimaa Obaid Hasson, Asmaa Sami Jawad, Dina M.R.Al-khafaf, Zaman S. Hamza, Heba F. Altamimi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality-BasedSimulation in Teaching Pulpotomy to Undergraduate DentalStudents
This educational study assesses the efficacy of a virtual reality (VR) simulator for teaching pulpotomy procedures to third-year dental students. Participants (n=60) were randomly divided into two groups: VR-based training vs. traditional mannequin-based training. Performance was evaluated using a skills checklist and a post-training theoretical test. The VR group demonstrated significantly higher retention of procedural steps and reported greater confidence in clinical application. Students also rated the immersive experience as more engaging and intuitive. These findings suggest that VR-based learning can enhance dental education, particularly for preclinical skill acquisition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nada Khazal K. Hindi , Zaman S. Hamza, Fatima Malik Abood, Saad Mardi Muhammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Histomorphometric Assessment of Peri-Implant Bone Formation Using Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Diabetic Rabbits
This animal study evaluates the influenc of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on bone regeneration around titanium dental implants in a diabetic rabbit model. Sixteen rabbits were divided into control and PRF-treated groups, with implants placed bilaterally in the femur. After 8 weeks, histological and histomorphometric analyses were performed. The PRF group exhibited significantly greater bone-to-implant contact and new bone volume compared to controls. These results Suggest that PRF may enhance early osseointegration in compromised healing conditions such as diabetes. The findings support the potential use of autologous biologics in implant dentistry for medically compromised patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ameer Hamdi AL-Ameedee, Z Salameh, Ali Ameer AL-Ameedee (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Cross-sectional Study to Investigate the Awareness of General Dental Practitioners Toward Chlorhexidine Prescription in Dental Clinics in Babylon Province
Background and Aim: Chlorhexidine gluconate is a broad-spectrum antiseptic agent commonly prescribed in dental practice for managing plaque-induced gingivitis, post-surgical oral hygiene, and certain periodontal conditions. Despite its effectiveness, the irrational and frequent prescription of Chlorhexidine mouthwash, particularly in the absence of clear clinical indications, poses significant concerns regarding patient safety, emergence of antimicrobial resistance, and unnecessary financial burden. General dental practitioners (GDPs), who play a critical role in prescribing habits, often vary in their level of awareness regarding evidence-based indications, dosage regimens, side effects, and duration of use. The present study aimed to assess the level of knowledge, awareness, and clinical practices among GDPs in Babylon Province, Iraq, regarding the rational use of Chlorhexidine mouthwash, and to identify existing knowledge gaps that may lead to inappropriate or over prescription. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated online structured questionnaire, distributed among general dental practitioners across Babylon Province between March 14 and April 15, 2024. The survey consisted of 25 multiple-choice and Likert-scale questions addressing dentists’ knowledge of chlorhexidine’s pharmacological properties, appropriate clinical indications, prescription habits, awareness of side effects, and attitude toward antimicrobial stewardship. Out of 259 respondents, 178 qualified as GDPs and their responses were subjected to statistical analysis using descriptive frequencies and percentage distributions. Results: Findings revealed a significant variability in knowledge among practitioners. A large proportion of GDPs reported routine prescription of Chlorhexidine irrespective of clinical necessity. While 85% of respondents recognized its antibacterial action, only 42% demonstrated awareness of its potential adverse effects, such as tooth staining, taste alteration, and mucosal desquamation. Over 60% of GDPs reported prescribing Chlorhexidine for non-indicated procedures such as simple extractions or scaling in healthy individuals. Additionally, less than 30% reported awareness of resistance development associated with prolonged or unnecessary use. Conclusion: The study identified a critical gap in knowledge and awareness among GDPs regarding the appropriate prescription of Chlorhexidine mouthwash. Overuse and misuse were notably common, underscoring the urgent need for continuing professional development and educational interventions focused on rational prescribing practices. Promoting evidence-based guidelines in dental education and clinical practice is essential to enhance patient safety, improve therapeutic outcomes, and curb the rising threat of antimicrobial resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed F. Jabaz, Ali H. J. Khekan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Systematic Review of case Reports of Neoplastic Changes in Epithelial lining of Dentigerous Cysts
Introduction: The possibility of transformation of the epithelium lining the cavity of dentigerous cyst to a neoplastic one has been recognized for a number of cases, but it is difficult to establish that such an event has actually occurred. So, the current review aims to implement a systematic review to identify the potential demographic, clinical and radiological characteristics of the malignant transformation that arose in DC. Material and method: The review was carried out per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). 50 articles were reviewed and reported 55 cases with neoplastic changes originated from dentigerous cysts. Result: The demographic and clinical characteristics of the included cases showed that the mean age of the affected patients was 44.04 ±23.36 years, ranged from 1.33 to 84 years. Thirty-three patients (60%) were males. Most of the reported neoplasms were in mandible (72.7%). Primary sites of these neoplasms were the posterior regions (35, 63.6%), with majority of cases recorded in molar areas (26, 47.3%), while the incisor region affected less frequently (5, 9.1%). Radiographically, the majority of neoplasm appeared as unilocular radiolucency (39, 70.9%), while multilocular radiolucency reported in 2 cases only (3.6%). Histopathologically, malignant transformations were noticed in 40 cases (72.7%) and the majority of them were squamous cell carcinoma (35, 63.6%) mostly of well differentiated type (25, 45.5%), provided that 20 cases (36.4%) were not described regarding histological differentiation. On the other hand, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor represented as most benign lesion associated with the dentigerous cyst (10, 18.2% of all neoplasms and 66.7% of the benign lesions). Most of the neoplasm cases were reported in India (19, 34.5%) and were of Asian race (26, 47.3%). Conclusion: Although most studies report that neoplastic transformation rarely occurs in the lining of the dentigerous cyst but unfortunately, the malignancies occur with higher frequency than do the benign tumors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali H. Murad, Muna. S Merza, Maha Waleed Alghazali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Systematic Review Evaluating Systemic Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Chronic Periodontitis: A Comprehensive Systematic Review
Chronic periodontitis is a prevalent, multifactorial inflammatory condition that results in the progressive destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth. While conventional mechanical debridement remains the cornerstone of periodontal therapy, adjunctive use of systemic antibiotics has gained prominence, particularly in cases of aggressive disease, poor response to scaling and root planning (SRP), or compromised host immunity. However, the empirical use of antibiotics poses significant risks, notably the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which threatens the long-term efficacy of periodontal therapies. This systematic review aims to evaluate the rationale, efficacy, and patterns of systemic antibiotic use in the treatment of chronic periodontitis, with a focus on the development of resistance among key periodontal pathogens. A comprehensive literature search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, identifying eligible studies published between January 2010 and March 2025. Clinical and microbiological outcomes, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and evidence-based recommendations were synthesized. The findings underscore the importance of judicious antibiotic prescribing and highlight the need for targeted antimicrobial regimens based on microbiological diagnostics and susceptibility profiles.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Hamid Jasim Khekan, Mohammed F. Jabaz, Alaa H Abbas, Ahmed D. Hatif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Salivary TNF and Blood Monocytes in Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration: Insights from Clinical and Immunological Evaluation
Rise levels of TNF have been detected in the tissues, saliva, and blood of patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis, suggesting its participation in the progress and persistence of these ulcerative lesions. This study aims to examine the levels of tumor necrosis factor in the saliva of people who have recurrent aphthous stomatitis in order to learn more about its pathophysiology. The study involved 80 individuals, including 40 patients identified with RAU and 40 sex- and age-matched healthy individuals as controls. TNF levels were estimated by using commercially available micro-well enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits; monocytes were determined by using an automated hematological analyzer XT2000i (from Sysmex, Japan). The statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in TNF and monocyte count increased significantly in patients with aphthous ulcers when compared with healthy individuals (p-value < 0.000). Also, TNF was significantly higher in major aphthous ulcers compared to herpetiform aphthous ulcers, but statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between minor aphthous ulcers and herpetiform aphthous ulcers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatimah Kadhim Ibrahim AL-Mahdawi, Mazin Razooqi Mohammed , Mustafa Ghani Taher (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Correlation Between Salivary Interleukin-6 and White Blood Cells in Patients with Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration: A Clinical and Immunological Assessment
Recurrent aphthous ulceration is the predominant oral condition, impacting 5–20% of the general populace, IL-6 is a crucial mediator in signaling acute inflammatory responses generated at infection sites and functioning as a warning signal to the entire organism. This study aims to quantify salivary IL-6 levels in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers to evaluate the potential local synthesis of cytokines at the disease site. The study involved 80 individuals, including 40 patients identified with RAU and 40 sex and age matched healthy individuals as controls. Interleukin-6 levels were estimated by using commercially available micro-well enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, white blood cells were determined by using an automated hematological analyzers XT2000i (from sysmex, Japan). The statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in IL-6 and white blood cells level increased significantly in patients with aphthous ulcers when compared with healthy individual (p-value <0.000) as well as the mean IL-6 level was significantly higher in major aphthous ulcers compared to minor aphthous ulcers (p-value = 0.005) and herpetiform aphthous ulcers (p-value = 0.008). Nonetheless, statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between minor aphthous ulcers and herpetiform aphthous ulcers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mazin Razooqi Mohammed , Fatimah Kadhim Ibrahim AL-Mahdawi, Mustafa Ghani Taher (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Evidence of β-Catenin Immunohistochemistry in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Association with Clinicopathological Characteristics
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of cancer in the upper aerodigestive tract, while head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the eighth most common cancer in men and the thirteenth most common cancer in women worldwide. The objective of the study was to assess the β-catenin immunohistochemistry expression and relate it to variables including age, gender, tumor location, clinical manifestation, and histopathological grade of OSCC. In all, 45 blocks of completely excised OSCC that had been previously formalin-fixed and embedded in paraffin were considered for the investigation. The anti-β-catenin antibody was used for the immunohistochemical staining. Forty-five patients who underwent excisional removal for OSCC were analyzed retrospectively through Hematoxylin, eosin, and immunohistochemical staining to evaluate clinical and pathological parameters. The majority of occurrences (31.11%) happened in the 70s, according to the results, with males being more affected than females, showing a male-to-female ratio of 1.5:1. The most common site of the tumor was the tongue (48.89%), and the majority of cases presented clinically as a mass (53.33%). Immunohistochemically, the β-catenin positive immunoreaction was most commonly observed in score 2 (51.11%). Statistically, β-catenin expression showed a significant association with tumor grade. The study found that β-catenin, a signaling molecule, reduces membrane localization and increases cytoplasmic and nuclear staining. Its expression is strongly associated with tumor grade, suggesting that β-catenin may promote tumor progression by enhancing cell proliferation and weakening cell adhesion.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali H. Murad, Muna S. Merza, Fatimah Kadhim Ibrahim AL-Mahdawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Evaluation of the Shear Bond Strength of Denture Soft Liner Reinforcement with Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
Aim: This research aims to analyze an alteration in the shear bond strength of soft denture lining materials by the addition of copper oxide nanoparticles with various percentages. Materials and Methods: Three groups of 10 were formed from the total of 30 acrylic block samples (25 mm × 25 mm × 3 mm). Ten specimens without any added CuO Nano Filler made up the control group, or Group A; 10 specimens in the second group (Group B) were modified with 0.3% CuO added Nano Filler, while the 10 specimens in the last group (Group C) had 0.5% CuO added Nano Filler. The universal Instron device was utilized to measure each sample, which tested the shear bond strength. In addition, the utilization of a statistical package for social science (SPSS) and the ANOVA evaluation for a statistical testing of the information and a determination of the truthfulness of the statistical hypothesis, respectively. Results: Descriptive statistics for the shear bond strength for the aforemen-tioned specimen categories, which are detailed in Table 1 have shown a change in mean values between groups A, B, and C, with group C being the lowest out of the three groups (0.31±0.043). Conclusions: There is an inverse relationship between the addition of CuO Nano Filler and the shear bond strength.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maha H. Dewan, Hawraa K. Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Implant Abutment Design Dealing with Traditional and Modern Types of Implant Abutment Design with Each Advantages and Disadvantages
Dental implant technology has evolved significantly since its inception. In line with the range of methods employed, implant abutments have been introduced to the market. These affect the dentist's mind and put them in a dilemma when choosing an appropriate abutment design for their cases. For this reason, this paper clarifies abbreviated examples of implant abutment designs that are to be handed in the market and provides an overview of their clinical application in dentistry of each type. Each type of abutment that will be discussed in this review has many advantages and may encourage its usage, while others have disadvantages that may restrict its usage in some cases, as revealed in this article. Brand new abutments have been shown in this review, and they have overcome the obstacles faced by the usage of traditional abutments. On the other hand, traditional abutment is still necessary in economic situations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanean Amer Awadh, Wasmaa Sadik Mahmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Salivary MMP-9 Level: Association with Tissue Remodeling in Oral Lichen Planus
Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by lesions in the oral mucosa. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a key enzyme in tissue remodeling, is implicated in various inflammatory diseases, but its role in OLP pathogenesis remains unclear. This study aims to investigate salivary MMP-9 levels in patients with OLP and correlate them with the clinical characteristics of the disease, specifically considering their potential association with tissue remodeling. Methods: A case-control study was conducted, including 40 patients with clinically and histopathologically confirmed OLP and 40 healthy controls. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from all participants. MMP-9 levels were measured using an ELISA kit. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests and correlation analysis using SPSS 20. The correlation between salivary MMP-9 levels and OLP clinical features were investigated. Results: Salivary MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in OLP patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). When categorizing the subtypes of OLP, erosive and atrophic lesions presented with significantly higher MMP-9 levels than reticular lesions and healthy control group (p < 0.01). A moderate positive correlation was observed between salivary MMP-9 levels and disease severity. No correlation was observed between patients’ age and sex with MMP-9 levels. Conclusion: This study suggests that elevated salivary MMP-9 levels are associated with OLP, especially in erosive and atrophic subtypes, indicating its role in the tissue remodeling process during the progression of OLP. Our findings suggest that MMP-9 could be a useful biomarker for OLP diagnosis and potentially a target for therapeutic interventions aimed at controlling the excessive tissue remodeling associated with this disease. Further studies are necessary to validate our findings and determine the specific mechanisms through which MMP-9 contributes to OLP pathogenesis.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ibrahim G. Abdelrhman, Ahmad Maher Ibrahim Al Sayeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Modern Dentistry: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions
The integration of artificial intelligence [ AI] into dentistry is revolutionizing diagnostic, therapeutic, and patient management practices, addressing the growing complexity of modern dental care. This review explores the multifaceted applications of AI, including its role in diagnostics, treatment planning, patient communication, imaging, and robotics, highlighting its potential to enhance accuracy, efficiency, and patient satisfaction. Key benefits such as cost reduction and workflow optimization are contrasted with significant challenges, including technical limitations, ethical concerns, and barriers to adoption by practitioners. By analyzing emerging technologies like natural language processing [ NLP] and augmented reality [ AR], this paper outlines future directions for personalized and predictive dentistry and multidisciplinary collaboration. The findings underscore the transformative potential of AI in dentistry while emphasizing the need for robust frameworks to ensure ethical, secure, and effective implementation. This review serves as a comprehensive resource for practitioners, researchers, and policymakers aiming to harness AI to elevate the standards of dental care.
Copyright (c) 2024 Magdi A. Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Advances in Biomaterials for Dental Implants: From Nanotechnology to Regenerative Medicine
The evolution of biomaterials has significantly transformed dental implantology, offering improved functionality, aesthetics, and patient outcomes. This review explores the progression from conventional materials such as titanium alloys, ceramics, and polymers to advanced biomaterials enabled by nanotechnology and regenerative medicine. Innovations like nanostructured surfaces, nanocomposites, and antimicrobial nanocoatings have enhanced osseointegration, strength, and infection prevention. Furthermore, regenerative approaches employing bioactive glass, hydrogels, and biodegradable materials have advanced bone and soft tissue repair. The incorporation of biologics, including growth factors and stem cell therapies, shows promise in optimizing implant success. Emerging technologies such as smart biomaterials, CRISPR, and AI-driven biomaterial design present a futuristic vision for personalized dental care. Despite these advancements, challenges related to biocompatibility, long-term stability, and ethical considerations persist. This review highlights current achievements and future directions, emphasizing the potential of biomaterials to revolutionize modern dental implant practices.
Copyright (c) 2024 Adil Abdelrahim Mohammed Yousif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Expression of CD83 in Gingival Lesions: Diagnostic Potential in Oral Lichen Planus and Oral Lichenoid Reactions
Oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid reactions (OLR) are chronic immune-mediated conditions affecting the oral mucosa, often involving the gingiva. Their overlapping clinical and histopathological features make accurate diagnosis challenging. CD83, a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on mature dendritic cells, is a key regulator of immune responses through its role in antigen presentation and T-cell activation. This study evaluates the expression of CD83 in gingival tissues affected by OLP and OLR, aiming to establish its diagnostic potential.Seventy-two gingival tissue samples, including 31 OLP, 30 OLR, and 11 normal gingiva, were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. CD83-positive cells were quantified in the basal, suprabasal, and connective tissue regions. The results demonstrated significantly elevated CD83 expression in OLP and OLR compared to normal gingiva, with OLP exhibiting the highest levels. Reticular and erosive subtypes of OLP displayed distinct expression patterns, reflecting variations in immune activity and disease progression.These findings underscore the importance of CD83 as a biomarker for distinguishing OLP from OLR and normal gingiva. Elevated CD83 expression correlates with heightened immune activity, suggesting its relevance in pathogenesis and diagnostic differentiation. The study advocates for further research to validate CD83’s clinical utility in managing gingival lesions and improving diagnostic precision in immune-mediated oral conditions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Samuel Ebele Udeabor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Salivary Interleukin 17a and IL1 as a Dependent Positive Predictive Biomarker for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Iraqi Patients
Background: Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer in human. Over 90% of malignant neoplasms of the head and neck are diagnosed as squamous cell carcinomas of oral cavity. In addition, its diagnosis is often late due to unavailability of predictive reliable measurable biomarkers. Interleukin 17 is one of pro-inflammatory cytokines manufactured by T-helper cells. It usually binds to type I cell-surface receptor named interleukin. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) represents a master cytokine of local and systemic inflammation. It exerts both beneficial, promoting innate immunity against invading microorganisms, and harmful roles in a plethora of autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases including cancer. The purpose of the current study was to explore the predictive role of salivary interleukin 17 and IL1 in the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma in comparison with healthy individuals.Method: Patients with histopathologic ally-confirmed oral squamous cell carcinoma (40 patients) and 40 normal healthy subjects (controls) were involved in this study. Unstimulated saliva was collected from each individual. Salivary interleukin-17 and IL1 levels were evaluated for both groups using Enzyme- Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) technique.Results: Mean value of IL-17 and IL1 levels were significantly increased in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients as compared to controls.Conclusion: Interleukin-17 and IL1 has particular advantage to be used as a positive predictive factor for prognosis and diagnosis of OSCC.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mustafa Gheni Taher (Author), Fatimah Kadhim Ibrahim AL-Mahdawi, Ammar Kadi, Irina Potoroko , Marouane Chemek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Dental and Oral Diseases: A Brief Review of Their Use as Drug Carriers
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted significant interest in the field of drug delivery, due to their unique physicochemical properties and ability to act at the molecular and cellular levels. Another property of magnetic nanoparticles that has contributed to their popularity is their ability to target specific cells, reducing the systemic toxicity of the compound. In recent years, magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic forces have been used in dentistry to deliver drugs for the prevention and treatment of dental diseases. Magnetic nanoparticle-based therapies are highly effective against bacterial and fungal pathogens that are resistant to conventional antibiotic therapy. In the field of cosmetic dentistry, magnetic nanoparticles have contributed to improving the transparency and corrosion resistance of dental materials. The use of magnetic nanoparticles in various dental drug delivery systems has also contributed to reducing the incidence of dental caries and dental diseases in the fields of root canal and periodontal treatment. The addition of magnetic nanoparticles to dental filling materials and adhesives has helped prevent the formation of biofilms. In this chapter, the applications of magnetic nanoparticles in dentistry are summarized with emphasis on their biocompatibility and safety.
Copyright (c) 2024 Radwan Ali, Zeena Farhan AL Sultani , Mohammed N. Al-Delfi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Alterations in The Salivary Flow Rate as A Result of The Effect of Different Associated Factors: A review
Saliva is a complex non-invasive biological fluid that possesses a large number of important properties and functions; it plays an important role in the protection of the oral, dental, and general health through its several protecting systems. The flow rate of saliva is defined as “the amount of saliva produced by salivary glands in the time unit, expressed in mL/min or g/min”, which is considered an important salivary factor that has an impact on different oral and systemic diseases. Unstimulated whole salivary flow rate is considered a more dependent clinically reliable parameter and during collection, is considered as the basal flow rate, whereas stimulated salivary flow rate reflects saliva secretion during food intake. Secretion of saliva is affected by several factors resulting in increases or decreases in the levels of its flow rate, this alteration will share in the initiation of different abnormal systemic or local oral and general conditions and disturbances demonstrated by hyposalivation causing a feeling of dry mouth. Some of these factors affect the unstimulated and stimulated flow rates. An increase or decrease in salivary flow rate will play a role in determining the nature of some diseases as a diagnostic tool. This review aimed to determine the impact of some of the different factors that cause an alteration in the salivary flow rate and the effect of this alteration in the initiation of oral and systemic diseases and other disturbances that then affect oral and general health.
Copyright (c) 2024 Raad Salih Al-Ani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Probiotic Supplementation: A Promising Preventive Strategy for Dental Caries
Dental diseases are widespread health problems encountered globally. Tooth decay is one of the most widespread oral health issues globally. Key factors contributing to the development of dental caries include inadequate oral hygiene, the presence of specific carbohydrates in the diet, dental biofilm formation, high levels of cariogenic microbes, reduced salivary flow, insufficient fluoride exposure, gingival recession, genetic predispositions, and neglect of personal dental care. Various preventive strategies have been employed to lower the risk of developing dental caries. Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when taken in appropriate quantities, provide health benefits to the host. They are acknowledged as potential supplementary treatments for various diseases. This manuscript reviews recent research on the role of probiotics in preventing dental caries and explores the potential mechanisms behind their effects. Literature reviews show that regular consumption of probiotic products significantly lowers the risk of dental caries by inhibiting cariogenic bacteria and promoting beneficial microbes in the oral cavity. The beneficial effects of probiotics are likely due to their ability to buffer salivary pH, produce bacteriocins and enzymes (such as dextranase, mutanase, and urease), and compete for adhesion and colonization on tooth surfaces. Additional research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of long-term probiotic supplementation in controlling dental diseases and to assess how probiotic use during childhood affects the risk of developing caries.
Copyright (c) 2024 Radwan Ali, Ali H. Murad, Zeena AL sultani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methods Of Sterilization of Endodontic Files Among Iraqi Dentists: Mix Method
Objectives evaluate the knowledge of Iraqi dentists about the process of sterilizing endodontics files; to find the most familiar method and material are used among Iraqi dentists; Materials and Methods A questionnaire was delivered electronically to dentists in different specialties during May 2024. This questionnaire included questions about the demographics and professional backgrounds of the dentists, and their techniques used for sterilization of used endodontic files and materials used in sterilization was also questioned. Results Regardless of the specialty, it was found that the frequency of using sterilization by Autoclave were high between Iraqi dentist. Regarding disinfectant materials that used by Iraqi dentist in pre- sterilizing stage to clean the endodontic files the use of alcohol was the most commonly used material. Also the most of Iraqi dentist was aware about the effect of sodium hypochlorite on endodontic files during sterilization. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Despite the quality guideline recommendations, the use of autoclave in sterilizing the endodontic files is the most frequent method among Iraqi dentists.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jood Mawil Ahmed, Mariam Methaq Talab, Farah Maher, Linz Ali Shalan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Chrysin-Mediated Promotion of Odontoblastic Differentia- tion: A Pathway Towards Dental Pulp Regeneration
Dental pulp, a critical component in tooth development and maintenance, plays a vital role in dentin formation, nutrient supply, and signal transmission. When damaged, pulp can become infected and necrotic, leading to pain and a decline in the quality of life. Current clinical treatments, such as root canal therapy, though effective, result in the loss of pulp vitality and associated sensory and defensive functions. Recognizing the potential of regenerative approaches, our study explored the odontogenic differentiation effects of Chrysin, a natural flavonoid, on human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). Our investigations revealed that Chrysin, particularly at a concentration of 10 μM, exhibited no cytotoxic effects on hDPCs over a 5-day period. Notably, this concentration demonstrated optimal effects on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization capacity, indicating its potential as an agent for odontogenic differentiation. Further analyses at the molecular level confirmed increased expression of odontogenic markers, including dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP-1), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), and ALP, supporting the pro-odontogenic effects of chrysin. In conclusion, our study underscores the positive effects of Chrysin on odontogenic differentiation in hDPCs, offering a promising avenue for further exploration in dental regenerative medicine. Future research should delve into in vivo applications and clinical assessments to validate the translational impact of Chrysin in preserving the vital pulp and advancing dental tissue regeneration.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ali Hussein Lafta, Wurood Al-Kariti, Bilal Akish Yousif, Eman Mohammed Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Enhancing Osteoblast Function through Resveratrol-Loaded Methoxy Poly(ethylene glycol)-Polylactic Acid Nanoparticles: A Novel Approach for Osteogenic Therapy
The primary objective of this investigation was to assess the influence of resveratrol-loaded polymer nanoparticles (RSV-NPs) on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, aiming to enhance the osteogenic properties of RSV and establish a practical drug delivery system for clinical bone and dental regeneration. The findings revealed that osteoblast proliferation was hindered in the RSV-NPs group, exhibiting more potent inhibition compared to the free RSV group. Both groups displayed increased ALP activity, with a notably greater rise in the RSV-NPs group than in the RSV group. Additionally, the expression of ALP, OCN, and BMP-2 mRNA was upregulated in both groups, demonstrating a more marked increase in the RSV-NPs group in comparison to the regular RSV group. In summary, the developed nanoparticles effectively improved the solubility of RSV and heightened its impact on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. This innovative approach holds potential for targeted bone and dental tissue treatment, opening up new avenues for research in osteoporosis therapies.
Copyright (c) 2023 Hamed Afshari, Afnan Abdulkareem Hussain, Zaid Khalid Sehen AL-Maliki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Monolithic Zirconia in Dentistry: Evolving Aesthetics, Durability, and Cementation Techniques – An In-depth Review
The objective of this article is to provide a thorough examination of the evolution of dental zirconia, encompassing its varieties, characteristics, uses, and methods of cementation. A thorough exploration of PubMed and Embase databases was undertaken. The inquiry was restricted to articles published in the English language. The ultimate search took place in October of 2021. Recently created monolithic Zirconia ceramics have greatly improved aesthetics and transparency. Yet, it is imperative to conduct additional in vitro and in vivo research to ascertain the material's capacity to sustain its outstanding attributes over the long term. As per the existing literature, monolithic translucent Zirconia has demonstrated encouraging outcomes and a notable rate of longevity. Therefore, this material is recommended for situations where both strength and aesthetics are required. Advancements in both the materials and techniques for cementing monolithic Zirconia have substantially improved, prompting dentists to consider using this material, particularly in situations where a conservative approach is needed. Zirconia restorations exhibited positive results, especially in the case of monolithic Zirconia crowns supported by implants and fixed dental prostheses.
Copyright (c) 2023 Haider Nasser Jabber, Radwan Ali, Mohammed N. Al-Delfi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Dentistry: Multifaceted Applications and Innovations
At present, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) find effective application in human consumables, pharmaceuticals, beauty products, cutting-edge healthcare, and dental care due to their non-toxic, non-allergenic, and biocompatible properties when in direct proximity to the human body. These NPs exhibit exceptional versatility in terms of their satisfactory chemical steadiness, cost-effectiveness, potent oxidation characteristics, elevated refractive index, and improved visual appeal. These NPs are produced using traditional techniques (both physical and chemical) as well as modern biological methods (biological, eco-friendly, and derived from biological sources), each carrying its own set of strengths and weaknesses in this current era. The importance of TiO2 NPs in the medical field encompasses applications in drug delivery, cancer treatment, orthopedic implants, biosensors, instruments, and devices. In dentistry, they play a crucial role as biomaterials in items like toothpaste, oral antibacterial solutions, teeth whitening products, and adhesives. Furthermore, TiO2 NPs hold a significant position in various dental specialties. They are utilized in orthodontics for wires and brackets, in endodontics for sealers and obturating materials, in maxillofacial surgeries for implants and bone plates, in prosthodontics for veneers, crowns, bridges, and acrylic resin dentures, and in restorative dentistry for glass ionomer cement (GIC) and composites.
Copyright (c) 2023 Radwan Ali, Abdulkareem Hussain Alwan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Immunomodulatory Biomaterials in Dental Pulp Regenera- tion: Towards Enhancing Endodontic Treatment Outcomes
Root canal therapy, which involves removing the dental pulp and replacing it with a biomaterial, is the established treatment for damaged pulp. However, innovative methods promoting dental pulp regeneration could potentially restore original tooth anatomy and enhance long-term outcomes for previously damaged teeth. This study explores the current landscape of dental pulp tissue engineering and immunomodulatory biomaterials, aiming to merge these areas for advanced therapeutic solutions. The paper reviews the inflammation and immune responses associated with dental pulp, expanding on periapical and periodontal inflammations. It highlights recent advancements in treating infection-triggered oral issues, emphasizing materials that can modulate the immune response. These developments, derived from a decade-long literature review, involve alterations to biomaterial composition and drug integrations for immunomodulation. Such advances in biomaterials leveraging the host’s immune system for targeted regeneration suggest a promising shift from traditional root canal methods to more holistic treatments.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ali H. Murad, Haitham falah fadhala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/